Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>) has recently emerged as a widespread contaminant in drinking water and groundwater supplies in the United States, and a need exists for rapid detection and monitoring of this contaminant. In this study, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was studied as a means of ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> detection, and new sol-gel-based SERS substrates were developed by self-assembly of silver colloidal nanoparticles with various functionalized silane reagents. These substrate materials were tailored to allow detection of ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> in water with improved sorptivity, stability, and sensitivity and with the ability to detect ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> at concentrations as low as 10<sup>−6</sup> M (or 100 μg/L) with good reproducibility. Similar techniques were used to fabricate capillary SERS flow cells by assembling functionalized silver nanoparticles capable of attracting ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> to the SERS surface or the internal wall of glass capillaries. These capillary flow cells could be readily configured to allow for <i>in situ</i>, nondestructive detection of ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> via fiber optics.
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